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How to Build Your Own Mechanical Keyboard

Tired of mushy, unresponsive keyboards? Do you crave the satisfying click-clack of a truly personalized typing experience? Then it’s time to dive into the world of custom mechanical keyboards! Building your own mechanical keyboard might seem daunting at first, but it’s a rewarding project that allows you to create a keyboard perfectly tailored to your preferences. This comprehensive guide will walk you through every step of the process, from understanding the components to assembling your dream keyboard. So, let’s get started on your mechanical keyboard DIY journey!

Why Build Your Own Mechanical Keyboard?

Before we delve into the how-to, let’s explore the “why.” Why should you invest time and effort in a mechanical keyboard DIY project instead of simply buying one off the shelf?

• Customization: This is the biggest draw for most people. You get to choose every single component, from the switches and keycaps to the case and cable. Want a keyboard with silent linear switches for your office and clicky tactile switches for home? You got it! Prefer DSA profile keycaps on an ergonomic layout? The possibilities are endless.
• Quality: Pre-built keyboards often cut corners on components to keep costs down. By building your own, you can select high-quality parts that will last for years and provide a superior typing experience. Think durable PBT keycaps and reliable Cherry MX or Gateron switches.
• Ergonomics: Building allows you to optimize for comfort. Consider split keyboards, ergonomic layouts (like the ErgoDox or Corne), and custom tenting angles to reduce strain and improve posture.
• Uniqueness: Your keyboard will be one-of-a-kind! Stand out from the crowd with a keyboard that reflects your personality and style. You can even design your own keycaps!
• The Fun of Building: The process itself can be incredibly enjoyable. It’s a hands-on project that allows you to learn new skills and gain a deeper appreciation for the technology you use every day. Plus, there’s a great sense of accomplishment when you finally type on the keyboard you built yourself.

Understanding the Key Components

Before you start ordering parts, it’s crucial to understand the function of each component. Let’s break down the essential elements of a mechanical keyboard DIY project:

1. Keyboard Case

The case is the housing for all the other components. It comes in various sizes, materials, and layouts. Consider these factors when choosing a case:

• Size and Layout:
  • Full-size (104/108 keys): Includes the numpad.
  • Tenkeyless (TKL or 87 keys): Omits the numpad for a more compact design.
  • 75%: A compact layout that retains the function row and arrow keys.
  • 65%: Further reduces size by removing the function row, typically accessible via a function layer.
  • 60%: The most compact layout, often requiring extensive use of function layers.
  • 40%: Even smaller than 60%, these keyboards require a significant learning curve and rely heavily on layers.
• Material:
  • Plastic: Affordable and lightweight, but can feel less premium.
  • Aluminum: Durable, sturdy, and offers a premium feel. Often more expensive.
  • Acrylic: Can be used to create translucent or RGB-illuminated cases.
  • Wood: Offers a unique aesthetic and can dampen sound.
• Mounting Style:
  • Tray Mount: The PCB is screwed directly into the case.
  • Top Mount: The plate is screwed into the top of the case.
  • Bottom Mount: The plate is screwed into the bottom of the case.
  • Gasket Mount: Uses gaskets to isolate the plate and PCB from the case, providing a softer typing feel.
  • Plate-less: The switches are mounted directly into the PCB.

2. Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

The PCB is the brain of your keyboard. It’s the circuit board that connects all the switches and communicates with your computer. Look for these features:

• Layout Compatibility: Ensure the PCB supports the layout you want (e.g., 60%, TKL).
• Hot-Swappable Sockets: Allows you to easily swap switches without soldering. This is highly recommended for beginners.
• RGB Support: If you want backlighting, choose a PCB with RGB LEDs.
• Connectivity: Most PCBs use USB-C, but some may use Mini-USB or Micro-USB.
• Firmware: QMK/VIA compatibility is highly desirable. These open-source firmware options offer unparalleled customization.

3. Plate

The plate sits between the switches and the PCB, providing stability and affecting the typing feel. Common materials include:

• Aluminum: Stiff and provides a more direct typing feel.
• Brass: Even stiffer than aluminum and offers a unique sound profile.
• Polycarbonate: More flexible than aluminum, resulting in a softer typing experience.
• FR4: A fiberglass composite that offers a balance of stiffness and flexibility.

4. Mechanical Switches

The switches are the heart of a mechanical keyboard DIY project. They determine the feel and sound of your keyboard. They are categorized into three main types:

• Linear: Smooth and consistent keypress with no tactile feedback. Examples: Cherry MX Red, Gateron Yellow, Speed Silver.
• Tactile: Provides a noticeable bump when the key is actuated. Examples: Cherry MX Brown, Gateron Brown, Zealios V2.
• Clicky: Similar to tactile but also includes an audible click. Examples: Cherry MX Blue, Kailh Box White, Razer Green.

Experiment with different switch types to find your preference. Switch testers are a great way to try out various switches before committing to a full set.

5. Keycaps

Keycaps are the plastic caps that sit on top of the switches. They come in various materials, profiles, and legends (the markings on the keycaps). Consider these factors:

• Material:
  • ABS: Common and affordable, but can become shiny over time due to wear (shine).
  • PBT: More durable and resistant to shine than ABS. Often preferred by enthusiasts.
• Profile: The shape and height of the keycaps. Common profiles include:
  • Cherry: A sculpted profile with varying row heights.
  • OEM: Similar to Cherry but slightly taller.
  • DSA: A uniform profile where all keycaps have the same height.
  • SA: A tall, sculpted profile with a retro look.
  • XDA: A uniform profile that is taller than DSA.
• Legends: The method used to print the legends on the keycaps. Common methods include:
  • Laser-Etched: Legends are etched into the keycap using a laser.
  • Pad-Printed: Ink is printed onto the keycap.
  • Dye-Sublimation: Dye is infused into the plastic, making the legends highly durable.
  • Double-Shot: Two separate pieces of plastic are molded together, creating legends that will never fade.

6. Stabilizers

Stabilizers are used on larger keys like the spacebar, shift keys, and enter key to prevent them from wobbling. Good stabilizers are essential for a smooth and consistent typing experience.

• Types:
  • Plate-Mounted: Clip onto the plate. Easier to install but can be rattly.
  • PCB-Mounted (Screw-In): Screw into the PCB. More stable and less prone to rattle. Highly recommended.
• Lubrication: Lubricating stabilizers is crucial to reduce rattle and improve smoothness.

7. USB Cable

Connects your keyboard to your computer. Consider a custom coiled cable for a stylish touch.

Tools You’ll Need

Before you begin your mechanical keyboard DIY project, gather the necessary tools:

• Switch Puller: For removing switches (especially important if you have a hot-swappable PCB).
• Keycap Puller: For removing keycaps.
• Screwdriver Set: For assembling the case and mounting the PCB.
• Lubricant (Krytox 205g0 or similar): For lubricating switches and stabilizers (optional but recommended).
• Switch Opener: For opening switches to lubricate them (optional).
• Stabilizer Lubricant (Dielectric Grease): For lubricating stabilizers.
• Brush: For applying lubricant.
• Soldering Iron & Solder (if your PCB is not hot-swappable): For soldering switches to the PCB.
• Multimeter (if soldering): To check continuity and ensure proper connections.

Step-by-Step Guide: Building Your Mechanical Keyboard

Now, let’s get to the fun part: building your keyboard!

1. Prepare the Case: Assemble the case according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
2. Install Stabilizers:
   • Clip-in Stabilizers: Simply clip them onto the plate.
   • Screw-in Stabilizers: Screw them into the PCB.
   • Lubricate: Apply dielectric grease to the wire ends and Krytox 205g0 (or similar) to the housings to reduce rattle.
3. Mount the Plate (if applicable): Attach the plate to the case or PCB, depending on the mounting style.
4. Install Switches:
   • Hot-Swappable PCB: Carefully push the switches into the sockets. Ensure the pins are straight to avoid bending them.
   • Soldering PCB: Place the switch into the plate (if applicable) and PCB. Solder each pin to the PCB, ensuring a solid connection. Clip the excess pin length.
5. Mount the PCB: Secure the PCB to the case.
6. Install Keycaps: Press the keycaps onto the switches.
7. Connect the Cable: Plug the USB cable into the keyboard and your computer.
8. Test Your Keyboard: Use a keyboard tester website or application to ensure all keys are working correctly.

Troubleshooting

Even with careful planning, you might encounter issues during your mechanical keyboard DIY journey. Here are some common problems and their solutions:

• Key Not Working:
  • Check Switch Installation: Ensure the switch is fully seated in the socket (if hot-swappable) or properly soldered.
  • Check for Bent Pins: If the switch has bent pins, carefully straighten them.
  • Test with a Different Switch: If the issue persists, try a different switch to rule out a faulty switch.
  • Check Solder Joints (if soldering): Reflow the solder joints to ensure a solid connection.
• Stabilizer Rattle:
  • Apply More Lubricant: Add more lubricant to the stabilizer wires and housings.
  • Check Stabilizer Installation: Ensure the stabilizers are properly seated and secured.
  • Use Band-Aid Mod: Place small pieces of Band-Aid under the stabilizer housings to reduce noise.
• RGB Not Working:
  • Check Firmware: Ensure the keyboard is running the correct firmware.
  • Check LED Connections: Ensure the LEDs are properly connected to the PCB.

Customization Options and Advanced Techniques

Once you’ve built your first mechanical keyboard DIY, you can explore more advanced customization options:

• Switch Lubrication: Lubricating switches can significantly improve their smoothness and reduce noise.
• Film Switches: Adding switch films between the top and bottom housings of the switch can reduce wobble.
• Custom Cables: Create a custom coiled USB cable to match your keyboard’s aesthetic.
• Custom Keycaps: Design your own keycaps or purchase artisan keycaps for a unique look.
• QMK/VIA Firmware Customization: Remap keys, create macros, and customize RGB lighting using QMK or VIA firmware.
• Dampening Material: Add foam or other dampening material inside the case to reduce sound resonance.

Where to Buy Parts

There are numerous online retailers that specialize in mechanical keyboard DIY components. Some popular options include:

• NovelKeys: Offers a wide variety of switches, keycaps, and keyboard kits.
• KBDfans: Specializes in keyboard cases, PCBs, and other components.
• Drop: Features group buys and curated selections of keyboard products.
• CannonKeys: Offers high-end keyboard parts and kits.
• Amazon: A convenient option for finding basic components and tools.
• AliExpress: A budget-friendly option for finding components, but be aware of longer shipping times and potential quality variations.

Conclusion

Building your own mechanical keyboard is a rewarding experience that allows you to create a truly personalized typing tool. While it may seem complex at first, this guide has provided you with the knowledge and steps necessary to embark on your mechanical keyboard DIY journey. So, gather your tools, choose your components, and get ready to build the keyboard of your dreams! Happy building!

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